Preface

This guide describes the compile-time environment and command-line options for Sun^TM Fortran compilers f77 (Fortran 77 Release 4.2) and f90 (Fortran 90 Release 1.2). Run-time error messages and new features of the compilers are listed in appendixes. Additional sources of documentation are listed at the end of this Preface.

Note - In this guide, "f77/f90" and "Fortran" to indicate information that is common to both the Sun Fortran 77 and Fortran 90 compilers.

Audience

This guide is intended for scientists, engineers, and programmers who have a working knowledge of the Fortran language and wish to learn how to use the Sun Fortran compilers effectively. Familiarity with the Solaris^TM operating system or UNIX® in general is also assumed.

Organization of This Guide

This user guide is organized into the following chapters and appendixes:

Chapter 1, "Introduction" briefly describes the features of the compilers.
Chapter 2, "Using Sun Fortran Compilers" discusses the compiler environments.
Chapter 3, "Sun Fortran Compiler Options" gives detailed descriptions of all the command-line options.
Appendix A, "Runtime Error Messages" lists error messages issued by the Fortran runtime library and the operating system.
Appendix B, "Feature Release History" notes new features of the compilers and behavior changes in recent releases.
Appendix C, "Fortran 90 Features and Differences" describes the differences between the Sun f90 compiler and the Fortran 90 standard.
Appendix D, "Localization Support" discusses how the Fortran compilers implement various internationalization requirements.

Multi-Platform Release

The Sun Fortran documentation covers the release of the Fortran compilers on a number of operating systems and hardware platforms:

Fortran 77 4.2 is released for:

Solaris 2.x operating system on:

Fortran 90 1.2 is released for:

Solaris 2.x operating system on SPARC® architectures only.

The Fortran documentation describes the Sun compilers on all the above operating systems and platforms. Anything unique to one or more platforms is identified as "(SPARC)", "(Intel)", and/or "(PowerPC)".

Fortran Compiler Documentation

The following documentation is included with Sun Fortran:

Manuals
Online man pages
f77 and f90 command-line help (-help)
Online READMEs

Manuals

The following Sun manuals and guides are provided on-line and hard copy, except as indicated.

Fortran 77 Language Reference. Complete programmer's reference to the Sun Fortran 77 language.
Fortran 90 Handbook. Detailed reference to the ANSI Standard Fortran 90 language. (On-line only).
Fortran Library Reference. Complete programmer's reference to the Sun Fortran 77 and Fortran 90 runtime library.
Fortran Programmer's Guide. Further details about using Sun Fortran compilers effectively, including discussions of I/O, libraries, performance, and parallelization.
Workshop: Beyond the Basics. Guide to program debugging with Sun compilers and debug tools.
Incremental Link Editor. How to use the Solaris runtime incremental link editor (ild) effectively.
Numerical Computation Guide. Describes the details of floating-point arithmetic used by Sun compilers on various platforms.
WorkShop Installation and Licensing Guide.. Instructions on software installation.

Much of Sun's compiler and related documentation is available online in either AnswerBook or HTML formats, or both. For details on installation, see the Sun Developer Products installation guides. See also the answerbook(1) man page and the f77 or f90 README.

The following documents are also relevant:

IEEE and ISO POSIX.1 Standard.
American National Standard Programming Language FORTRAN, ANSI X3.9- 1978, April 1978, American National Standards Institute, Inc.
American National Standard Programming Language--Fortran--Extended, ANSI X3.198-1992, 1992, American National Standards Institute, Inc.

Man Pages

On-line manual (man) pages provide immediate documentation about a command, function, subroutine, or collection of such things. You can display a man page by running the command:


demo% `man` topic

Throughout the Fortran documentation, man page references appear with the topic name and man section number: f77(1) is accessed with man f77.

For details and useful man options, see the man command's own man page:

demo% man man

Reformatting page. Wait... done

man(1) User Commands man(1)

NAME

man - find and display reference manual pages

SYNOPSIS

man [ - ] [ -adFlrt ] [ -M path ] [ -T macro-package ]

[-s section ] name ...

man [ -M path ] -k keyword ...

man [ -M path ] -f filename ...

AVAILABILITY

SUNWdoc

DESCRIPTION

man displays information from the reference manuals. It

....etc

demo% `man man` Reformatting page. Wait... done man(1) User Commands man(1) NAME man - find and display reference manual pages SYNOPSIS man [ - ] [ -adFlrt ] [ -M path ] [ -T macro-package ] [-s section ] name ... man [ -M path ] -k keyword ... man [ -M path ] -f filename ... AVAILABILITY SUNWdoc DESCRIPTION man displays information from the reference manuals. It ....etc

The following man pages are of interest to Fortran user.f77(1) and f90(1) The Fortran compilers command-line options asa(1) Fortran carriage-control print output post-processor dbx(1) Command-line interactive debugger fpp(1) Fortran source code pre-processor fsplit(1) Pre-processor splits Fortran 77 routines into single files ieee_flags(3M) Examine, set, or clear floating-point exception bits ieee_handler(3M) Handle floating-point exceptions matherr(3M) Math library error handling routine ild(1) Incremental link editor for object files ld(1) Link editor for object files

`f77`(1) and `f90`(1)	The Fortran compilers command-line options
`asa`(1)	Fortran carriage-control print output post-processor
`dbx`(1)	Command-line interactive debugger
`fpp`(1)	Fortran source code pre-processor
`fsplit`(1)	Pre-processor splits Fortran 77 routines into single files
`ieee_flags`(3M)	Examine, set, or clear floating-point exception bits
`ieee_handler`(3M)	Handle floating-point exceptions
`matherr`(3M)	Math library error handling routine
`ild`(1)	Incremental link editor for object files
`ld`(1)	Link editor for object files

Command-Line Help

You can view very brief descriptions of the f77 and f90 command line options by invoking the compiler's -help option as shown below:

%`f77 -help` -or-`f90 -help` -ansi: Report non-ANSI extensions. -arg=local: Pass by value result -autopar: Generate parallelized code -BX: Specify dynamic or static binding -c: Compile only - produce .o files, suppress linking -C: Enable runtime subscript range checking -cg89: Generate code for generic SPARC V7 architecture -cg92: Generate code for SPARC V8 architecture -copyargs: Allow assignment to constant arguments -dalign: Assume double-type data is double aligned -dbl: Double default size for INTEGER, REAL, etc. -depend: Analyze loops for data dependencies -dn: Specify static binding ...etc.

%f77 -help  -or-  

 f90 -help

-ansi:        Report non-ANSI extensions.

-arg=local:   Pass by value result

-autopar:     Generate parallelized code

-BX:          Specify dynamic or static binding

-c:           Compile only - produce .o files, suppress linking

-C:           Enable runtime subscript range checking

-cg89:        Generate code for generic SPARC V7 architecture

-cg92:        Generate code for SPARC V8 architecture

-copyargs:    Allow assignment to constant arguments

-dalign:      Assume double-type data is double aligned

-dbl:         Double default size for INTEGER, REAL, etc.

-depend:      Analyze loops for data dependencies

-dn:          Specify static binding

...etc.

`READMEs`

	Standard Installation	*Nonstandard Installation to `/`my`/`dir`/`*
Solaris 2.x	`/opt/SUNWspro/READMEs/`	`/`my`/`dir`/SUNWspro/READMEs/`

The READMEs directory contains files that describe new features, software incompatibilities, bugs, and information that was discovered after the manuals were printed. The location of this directory depends on where your software was installed: Standard Installation Nonstandard Installation to /my/dir/ Solaris 2.x /opt/SUNWspro/READMEs/ /my/dir/SUNWspro/READMEs/

The files and their contents are: File Contents feedback email template file for sending feedback comments to Sun fortran-77 fortran-90 f77/f90 bugs, new features. behavior changes, documentation errata math_libraries Describes optimized and specialized math libraries available profiling_tools Information on using the performance profiling tools runtime_libraries Lists libraries and executables that can be redistributed under the End User License

File	Contents
`feedback`	email template file for sending feedback comments to Sun
`fortran-77 fortran-90`	`f77/f90` bugs, new features. behavior changes, documentation errata
math_libraries	Describes optimized and specialized math libraries available
profiling_tools	Information on using the performance profiling tools
runtime_libraries	Lists libraries and executables that can be redistributed under the End User License

Conventions in Text

This guide uses the following conventions to display information.

Code listings and examples appear in boxes:
WRITE( *, * ) 'Hello world'
The plain Courier font shows prompts, coding, and generally anything that is computer output.
In dialogs, the boldface Courier font shows text you type in:
demo% echo hello

hello

demo%
Italics indicate general arguments or parameters that you replace with the appropriate input. Italics also indicate emphasis.
The small clear triangle shows a blank space where that is significant:
36.001
Fortran 77 examples appear in tab format; Fortran 90 examples appear in free format. Examples common to both Fortran 77 and Fortran 90 use tab format except where indicated.
Uppercase characters are generally used to show Fortran keywords and intrinsics (PRINT), and lowercase or mixed case for variables (TbarX).
The Sun Fortran compilers are referred to by their command names, either f77 or f90. "f77/f90" indicates information that is common to both the Fortran 77 and Fortran 90 compilers.