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Index


Symbols

!,  3, 9

",  3

$,  3, 4
edit descriptor,  271
NAMELIST delimiter,  315

%,  3

%DESCR,  369

%FILL,  50, 236

%LOC,  369

%REF,  369

%VAL,  369

&,  3, 97, 99, 315, 368

',  369

',  25

*,  3, 101, 103, 368
alternate return,  97, 99
comments,  9

+,  3, 272

,,  3

.,  3, 51

/,  3, 299, 307

// concatenate string,  71

:,  3
array bounds,  40
character constants,  27
edit descriptor,  300
substring operator,  45

<>,  3, 152, 154

=,  3, 84

?,  3, 319

\,  3

_,  4, 11

Numerics

0, 1, + vertical format control,  272

A

A format specifier,  274

ACCEPT,  82, 368

access,  257
append option in open,  190
modes,  257
options in OPEN,  190
SEQUENTIAL in OPEN,  190

ACCESS in OPEN,  190

ACHAR,  325

address
assignment, pointers,  58, 202
malloc,  59, 203

adjustable array bounds,  41

alignment
structures, as in VMS,  370, 373
summary of,  22
variables,  15

allocation of storage,  15

allowed I/O combinations,  257

alternate
octal notation,  30
return,  224, 368

ampersand, alternate return,  97, 99, 368

anonymous field,  50, 236

ANSI X3.9-1978 FORTRAN 77 standard,  1

apostrophe
character constants,  25, 27
direct-access record,  214, 263, 369
format specifier,  269

append on open
open,  190

arguments
dummy, not allowed in NAMELIST list,  311
fields,  51, 222
omitted,  367
records,  51, 222

arithmetic
assignment,  69
assignment statement,  87
expression,  64, 65
IF,  162
intrinsic functions,  322
operations on extreme values,  361
operator,  64

array
adjustable bounds,  41
assumed size,  42
bounds,  40
character,  41, 102
complex numbers,  110
declarators,  39
definition,  39
dimensions,  40
double-complex,  129
elements
data types,  14
not OK in NAMELIST list,  311
input by NAMELIST,  318
names with no subscripts,  42
ordering,  44
real,  221
subscripts,  43

ASCII character set,  345

ask for namelist names,  319

ASSIGN,  82

assignment
arithmetic,  69, 87
character,  72, 73
logical,  75
statement,  84

assumed size array,  42

asterisk
alternate return,  97, 368
hex and octal output,  282

AUTOMATIC,  90

automatic structure not allowed,  91

B

B
constant indicator,  34
format specifier,  270

backslash,  3, 25, 370, 372

BACKSPACE,  92

backspace character,  27

basic terms,  2

binary
constants,  34
initialization,  34
operator,  64

bit
manipulation functions,  331, 340

bit and byte order,  364

bitwise
operators,  69

blank
column one,  259, 307
control,  270
fields in octal or hex input,  281, 282
line comments,  9
not significant in words,  4

BLANK OPEN specifier,  191

BLOCK DATA,  94
initialize,  366
names,  4

block IF,  163

BN format specifier,  270

boldface font conventions,  xviii

boundary for variable alignment,  15

bounds on arrays,  40

BS 6832 standard,  1

BYTE,  96

byte and bit order,  364

BYTE data type,  16

BZ format specifier,  270

C

c
comments,  9
directive,  10, 11

C$pragma sun unroll=n pragma,  11

CALL,  97

carriage control,  259, 272
$,  271
all files,  261
blank, 0, 1,  272
first character,  272
space, 0, 1,  272

carriage return, $ edit descriptor,  271

CHAR,  88, 325

CHARACTER
data type,  16
statement,  101

character
array,  41
assignment,  72, 73, 74, 88
boundary,  15
concatenate,  71
constant
delimiter,  315
NAMELIST,  316
constants,  24
declared length,  103
declaring the length,  102
dummy argument,  103
editing,  274
expression,  71
format specifier,  367
function,  88
functions,  330
join,  71
null constants,  26
operator,  71
packing,  101
set,  2
strings,  102
substring,  45
valid characters in names,  4

characters, special,  2

CLOSE,  104

CMPLX,  325

colon (:)
array bounds,  40
edit descriptor,  300
substring operator,  45

column one formatting,  259

combinations of I/O,  257

commas in formatted input,  295

comments,  9
!,  9
*,  9
blank-line,  9
C,  9
embedded,  366
end-of-line,  9, 366

COMMON,  4, 106, 366

complex
array,  110
constant in NAMELIST,  317
constants,  27
data type,  17
statement,  108

COMPLEX*16,  17, 18, 28

COMPLEX*32,  17, 28

COMPLEX*8,  17

computed GO TO,  159

concatenate strings,  71

concatenation operator,  71

conditional termination control,  300

consecutive
commas, NAMELIST,  317
operators,  367

constant
expression,  77
names (symbolic constants),  4
null character constants,  26
octal,  368
radix-50,  366
typeless numeric,  368
values in NAMELIST,  316

constants,  24
binary,  34
characters,  24
complex,  27
COMPLEX*16,  28
COMPLEX*32,  28
double complex,  28
double-precision real,  32
hex,  34
integer,  29
logical,  30
octal,  34
quad complex,  28
quad real,  33
real,  31
REAL*16,  33
REAL*4,  31
REAL*8,  32
typeless,  34

continuation lines,  7, 8

CONTINUE,  111

control characters,  3, 35, 71
in assignment,  73, 88
meanings,  347

copy
NAMELIST,  318

Courier font,  xviii

D

d comments,  9

D format specifier,  288

DATA,  112

data
namelist syntax,  315, 318
representation
double precision,  359
real number,  359
signed infinity,  360
type
BYTE,  16
CHARACTER,  16
COMPLEX,  17
COMPLEX*16,  17
COMPLEX*32,  17
COMPLEX*8,  17
DOUBLE COMPLEX,  17, 18
DOUBLE PRECISION,  18
INTEGER,  18
INTEGER*4,  19
LOGICAL,  20
LOGICAL*1,  16, 20
LOGICAL*2,  20
LOGICAL*4,  20, 21
of an expression,  68
properties,  15
quad real,  22
REAL,  21
REAL*16,  22
REAL*4,  21
REAL*8,  21
short integer,  19

DBLE,  324

DBLEQ,  324

DCMPLX,  325

deallocate memory by free,  59, 203

debug statement,  373

decimal points not allowed in octal or hex input,  281

declaration
field,  48, 185, 235
initialize in,  366
map,  55, 244
record,  50, 222
structure,  48
union,  55

DECODE,  115

default
inquire options,  176

degree-based trigonometric functions,  340

delimiter
character constant,  315
NAMELIST: $ or &,  315

DFLOAT,  324

diamond indicates nonstandard,  xix

DIMENSION,  117

dimension arrays,  40

direct
I/O,  263
I/O record specifier,  216, 263, 369
option for access in open,  190

directives
explicit parallelization,  12
general,  10

DISPOSE option for CLOSE,  369

DO,  120

DO WHILE,  125

DOALL directive,  12

dollar sign
edit descriptor,  271
in names,  4
NAMELIST delimiter,  315

DOSERIAL directive,  12

DOSERIAL* directive,  12

DOUBLE COMPLEX,  17, 128

DOUBLE PRECISION,  18, 130

double quote,  370, 372
character constants,  25
preceding octal constants,  30

double spacing print,  259

double-complex
arrays,  129
constants,  28
data type,  18

double-precision
complex,  18
complex functions,  339
data representation,  359
editing,  288
real constants,  32

DREAL,  324

dummy arguments not OK in NAMELIST list,  311

E

-e,  8

E format specifier,  290

edit descriptor
/,  299
:,  300
A,  274
D,  288
E,  290
F,  293
G,  294
I,  278
L,  279
P,  297
positional,  283
Q,  295
S,  298
SP,  298
SS,  298
SU,  298
T,  283
X,  283

ELSE,  131

ELSE IF,  133

embedded
comments,  366

empty spaces in structures,  50, 236

ENCODE,  115, 135

END,  136

END DO,  137

END FILE,  138

END IF,  140

END MAP,  141

end of text,  71

END STRUCTURE,  142

END UNION,  143

end-of-line comments,  9, 366

ENTRY,  144

environmental inquiry functions,  332

epbase,  332

ephuge,  332

epmax,  332

epmin,  332

epmrsp,  332

epprec,  332

eptiny,  332

equals statement,  84

EQUIVALENCE,  147

ERR
INQUIRE,  174
OPEN specifier,  191
READ,  216
WRITE,  250

error
I/O,  256

escape sequences,  27

evaluation of expressions,  79

executable statements,  6

exponential editing,  290

exponents not allowed in octal or hex input,  281

expression
arithmetic,  64, 65
character,  71
constant,  77
evaluation,  79
logical,  74
variable format,  152

extended source lines,  8

EXTERNAL,  149

external C functions,  11

extract substring,  45

extreme
exponent data representation,  360
values for arithmetic operations,  361

F

F format specifier,  293

field,  48
argument that is a field,  51, 222
COMMON with a field,  51, 222
declaration,  48, 185, 235
DIMENSION with a field,  51, 222
dimensioning in type statements,  49, 236
EQUIVALENCE, not allowed in,  51, 222
list,  49
list of a structure,  48, 235, 236
map with a field,  56, 245
name, %FILL,  50, 236
NAMELIST, not allowed in,  51, 222
offset,  50, 236
reference,  51
SAVE, not allowed in,  51, 222
type,  50, 236

file,  192
carriage control on all files,  261
INQUIRE,  173
internal,  264
names, VMS logical,  370, 371
preattached,  261
properties,  173
query,  173
scratch,  260

FILE, OPEN specifier,  189

FILE= specifier,  367

files open,  255

filling with asterisks or spaces, hex and octal output,  282

FIPS 69-1 standard,  1

first character carriage control,  272

FLOAT,  324

font
boldface,  xviii
conventions,  xviii
Courier,  xviii
italic,  xviii

form feed character,  27

FORM specifier in OPEN,  190

FORM='PRINT',  259

FORMAT,  151

format
$,  271
/,  299
:,  300
A,  274
B,  270
BN,  270
BZ,  270
D,  288
defaults for field descriptors,  269
E,  290
F,  293
G,  294
I,  278
L,  279
nT,  283
O,  280
of source line,  7
P,  297
Q,  295
R,  288
read into hollerith edit descriptor,  277
S,  298
SP,  298
specifier,  367
SS,  298
standard fixed,  7
SU,  298
T,  283
tab,  8
TLn,  283
TRn,  283
variable expressions,  152, 154
vertical control,  271, 272
X,  283
Z,  280

format specifier ",  287

formats,  300
runtime,  210, 215, 249, 277, 300
variable format expressions,  303

formatted
I/O,  265
output,  259

formatted I/O,  265

forms of I/O,  257

FORTRAN statements,  7

free,  59, 203, 333

FUNCTION,  155

function
length specifier,  368
malloc,  59, 203
names,  4
types,  14

functions
bit-manipulation,  340
degree-based trigonometric,  340
double-precision complex,  339
external C,  11
integer,  342
intrinsic,  322
type coercing,  343
zero-extend,  344

G

G format specifier,  294

general real editing,  294

GO TO,  158, 161

GO TO assigned,  158

GO TO unconditional,  161

GO TO, computed,  159

GSA validation,  1

H

hex and octal
format,  280
format samples,  281
input,  281
output,  282

hexadecimal
constants,  34
initialization,  34

hollerith,  88, 277

horizontal positioning,  283

I

I format specifier,  278

I/O,  257
direct,  263
errors,  256
forms,  257
random,  263
summary,  258

-i2,  19

IACHAR,  325

ICHAR,  325

IDINT,  324

IEEE,  361
754,  1

IF,  162, 163, 166

IFIX,  324

illegal REAL expressions,  367

IMPLICIT,  167

implicit
none data typing,  366
statement,  13
typing,  13

INCLUDE,  170, 371

initial line,  7

initialize
in BLOCK DATA,  366
in COMMON,  366
in declaration,  366

input commas,  295

INQUIRE,  173, 178

inquire
by file,  178
by unit,  173, 178
options summary,  177

inquire option
ACCESS,  175
BLANK,  176
defaults,  176
ERR,  174
EXIST,  174
FILE,  174
FORM,  175
FORMATTED,  175
IOSTAT,  174
NAMED,  175
NEXTREC,  176
none for permissions,  174
NUMBER,  174
OPENED,  174
RECL,  175
SEQUENTIAL,  175
UNFORMATTED,  175
UNIT,  174

INT,  324

INTEGER,  18, 179

integer
and logical,  69
editing,  278
functions,  342
logical, mixed expressions,  68
long,  30
operand with logical operator,  69
short,  30

integer constants,  29

INTEGER*2,  19

INTEGER*4,  19

INTEGER*8,  19

internal files,  264

INTRINSIC,  181

intrinsic functions,  339
arithmetic,  322
character,  330
environmental inquiry,  332
mathematical,  328
memory allocation and deallocation,  333
special VMS,  369
trigonometric,  326
type conversions,  324

invalid characters for data,  3

ioinit,  261

IOSTAT OPEN specifier,  191

IQINT,  324

ishift,  338

italic font conventions,  xviii

J

join strings,  71

K

key word,  2

L

L format specifier,  279

label of statement,  2

leading spaces or zeros, hex and octal output,  282

left-to-right
exception,  66
precedence,  65

len, declared length,  103

length
function length specifier,  155, 157, 368
LEN function,  103
line of source code,  8
names,  4
string,  103
variable length records,  191

line
formats,  7
length,  8
tab-format,  7, 366

line feed,  71

linked list,  208

list-directed
I/O,  306
input,  306
output,  307
output to a print file,  259

literal constant,  2

literals type REAL*16,  367

loc,  58, 333

location of
scratch files,  192

LOGICAL,  20, 183

logical
assignment,  75, 87
constants,  30
editing,  279
expression,  74
expression meaning,  75
file names in the INCLUDE,  171
file names, VMS,  370, 371
IF,  166
integer, mixed,  69
LOGICAL*1 data type,  16
operator precedence,  75
unit preattached,  261
units,  255

LOGICAL*1,  20

LOGICAL*2,  20

LOGICAL*4,  20

LOGICAL*8,  21

long integers,  30

long lines in source code,  8

lrshft,  338

M

malloc,  59, 203, 333

MAP,  55, 56, 185, 244, 245

maximum
number of open files,  255

memory
get by malloc,  59, 203
release by free,  59, 203

memory allocation and deallocation functions,  333

MIL-STD-1753 standard,  1

mixed
integer and logical,  68, 69
mode,  67

mixed mode,  68

mixing format of source lines,  8

modifying
carriage control,  271

N

name
of scratch file,  192

NAME option for OPEN,  369

NAMELIST,  186, 312, 315, 316
$,  313
&,  315
ask for names,  318
namelist-specifier,  312
NML=,  312
prompt for names,  318
restrictions,  311
WRITE,  312

namelist
data,  314, 318
data syntax,  316
END,  315
I/O,  310

names,  4

NBS validation,  1

negative values, hex and octal output,  282

nested substructure,  53

newline character,  27, 71

NIST validation,  1

NML=,  313

noncharacter runtime format specifier,  367

none, implicit data typing,  366

nonexecutable statements,  6

nonstandard
features, indicated by diamond,  xix
PARAMETER,  370, 372

notation octal alternate,  30

null
character,  27
character constants,  26
data item, NAMELIST,  317

number of
continuation lines,  8
open files,  255

numeric constant, typeless,  368

O

O
constant indicator,  34
edit descriptor,  280

octal
alternate notation,  30
constant,  368
constants,  34
initialization,  34

octal and hex
format,  280
format samples,  281
input,  281
output,  282

off the underscores,  11

offset of fields,  50, 236

omitted arguments,  367

OPEN
options,  369
print file,  259
specifier
ACCESS,  190
BLANK,  191
ERR,  191
FILE,  189
FORM,  190
IOSTAT,  191
RECL,  191
STATUS,  191
UNIT,  189
statement,  188, 192

open files, limit of,  255

operand,  63

operator,  63
**,  64
// concatenate string,  71
: substring,  45
character,  71
concatenation,  71
precedence,  65
relational,  76
two consecutive operators,  66, 367
with extreme values,  361

optimization problems with pointers,  60, 204

option
DISPOSE for CLOSE,  369
-e,  8
i2 short integer,  19
long lines,  8
NAME for OPEN,  369
number of continuation lines,  8

OPTIONS,  195

order bit and byte,  364

P

P edit descriptor,  297

packing character,  101

padding,  9

parallel directives,  12

PARAMETER
nonstandard alternate,  370, 372
statement,  49, 197, 236

parameter name,  4

PAUSE,  200

permissions
ACCESS in INQUIRE,  174

POINTER,  202

pointer,  57, 202
address assignment,  58, 202
address by LOC,  58, 205
linked list,  208
not allowed in NAMELIST list,  311
problems with optimization,  60, 204
restrictions,  60, 204

pointer-based variable,  60, 204, 311

positional
edit descriptor,  283
format editing,  283

preattached
files,  261
logical units,  261

precedence
logical operator,  75
operators,  65

PRINT,  210

print file,  190, 259, 307

procedures,  5

PROGRAM,  213

program,  2
names,  4
units,  5

promote types,  67

prompt
conventions,  xix
for namelist names,  319

properties, file,  173

Q

Q edit descriptor,  295

QCMPLX,  325

QEXT,  324

QEXTD,  324

QFLOAT,  324

QREAL,  324

quad
complex,  17
complex constants,  28
exponent,  33
real constants,  33
real data type,  22
type REAL*16 literals,  367

quadruple precision, See quad

quote,  370, 372
character constants,  25
format specifier,  287
preceding octal constants,  30

R

radix,  288

radix-50 constant,  366

random
I/O,  263

READ,  214

read
into hollerith edit descriptor,  277

REAL,  21, 220
expressions, illegal,  367
intrinsic,  324

real
arrays,  221
constants,  31
data representation of reals,  359
editing,  288, 293

REAL*16,  22, 33, 367

REAL*4,  21, 31

REAL*8,  21, 32

RECL specifier in OPEN,  191

recl=1, variable length records,  191

RECORD,  222

record,  48
argument that is a record,  51, 222
assignment,  89
AUTOMATIC, not allowed in,  222
COMMON with a record,  51, 222
DATA, not allowed in,  51, 222
DIMENSION with a record,  51
EQUIVALENCE, not allowed in,  51, 222
NAMELIST, not allowed in,  51, 222
not allowed in NAMELIST list,  311
PARAMETER, not allowed in,  222
reference,  51
SAVE, not allowed in,  51, 222
size, unformatted,  370
specifier, direct-access,  214, 263, 369
statement,  50
STATIC, not allowed in,  222
variable length,  191

recursive,  90, 156, 231

reference
field,  51
record,  51

relational operator,  76

release memory by free,  59, 203

repeat NAMELIST,  318

representation of data,  359

requesting namelist names,  318

restrictions
fields,  50, 236
hex and octal output,  282
NAMELIST,  311
names,  4
pointers,  60, 204
Q edit descriptor,  297
records,  51, 222
structures,  49, 236
substructures,  55

RETURN,  224

return alternate,  224, 225, 368

reverse solidus,  3

REWIND,  226

rshift,  338

runtime formats,  210, 215, 249, 277, 300, 303

S

S edit descriptor,  298

same line response,  272

sample statements,  349

SAVE,  228

scale
control,  297
factor,  297

scratch files,  192, 260

SCRATCH option for OPEN,  192

SEQUENTIAL option for ACCESS in OPEN,  190

short
integer data type,  19
integers,  30

sign control,  298

signed infinity data representation,  360

signs not allowed in octal or hex input,  281

single spacing,  259

size of character string,  103

SIZEOF,  333

sizes, summary of,  22

skip
NAMELIST,  318

slash,  3
editing,  299
list-directed input,  307

slew control,  259, 272

SNGL,  324

SNGLQ,  324

solidus,  3

source
line formats,  7
lines long,  8
tab-format,  366

SP edit descriptor,  298

space,  3, 4, 272

spaces, leading, hex and octal output,  282

special characters,  2, 27

SS edit descriptor,  298

standard
conformance to standards,  1
fixed format source,  7
units,  255

start of heading and text,  71

statement,  2, 6
function,  230
label,  2
list of all statements,  7
samples,  349

STATIC,  233

STATUS OPEN specifier,  191

stderr,  255

stdin,  255

stdout,  255

STOP,  234

storage allocation,  15

string
assignment,  72
concatenate,  71
in list-directed I/O,  310
join,  71
NAMELIST,  315

stroke,  3

STRUCTURE,  235

structure,  47
alignment, VMS,  370, 373
dummy field,  50, 236
empty space,  50
fill space,  236
name,  48, 49, 235, 236
nested,  53
not allowed as a substructure of itself,  55
not allowed in NAMELIST list,  311
restrictions,  49
substructure,  53
syntax,  48
union,  55, 244

SU edit descriptor,  298

subprogram names,  4

SUBROUTINE,  238

subscript
arrays,  43
expressions,  43

substring,  45
NAMELIST,  315
not allowed in NAMELIST list,  311

substructure,  53
map,  55, 244
union,  55, 244

successive operators,  66

summary
data types,  22
I/O,  258
inquire options,  177

suppress carriage return,  271

symbolic
constant name,  4
name,  2, 4

syntax
field Reference,  51
INQUIRE statement,  173
maps,  55, 244
NAMELIST
input,  314
input data,  315, 318
output,  312
statement,  311
OPEN statement,  188
record reference,  51
records,  50, 222
structure,  48, 235
unions,  55, 244

T

T edit descriptor,  283

tab,  3
character,  27
control,  283
format source,  8, 366

temporary files,  192

terminal
I/O,  272

termination control edit descriptor,  300

terms,  2

TMPDIR environment variable,  192

top of page,  259

triangle as blank space,  xviii

two consecutive operators,  367

TYPE,  240, 368, 369

type
coercing functions,  343
field names,  50, 236
REAL*16,  367
type,  241

typeless
constants,  34
numeric constant,  368

types
array elements,  14
files,  257
functions,  14
summary of,  22

U

unary + or -,  367

unary operator,  65

unconditional GO TO,  161

underscore
do not append to external names,  11
external names with,  11
names with,  4

unformatted
I/O,  303
record size,  370

UNION,  244

union declaration,  55, 244

unit, logical unit preattached,  261

UNIT, OPEN specifier,  189

V

valid
characters for data,  3
characters in character set,  3
characters in names,  4

values, extreme for arithmetic operations,  361

variable
alignment,  15
boundary,  15
name,  4

variable formats,  152, 154, 210, 215, 249, 267, 277, 300, 302, 303

variable-length records,  191

variables,  38

vertical format control,  259
$,  271
space,0, 1, +,  272

vertical tab character,  27

VIRTUAL,  246, 366

VMS FORTRAN
align structures,  370
features with -xl
backslash,  3, 27, 308, 372
D or d debug lines,  9
debugging lines,  373
logical file names,  171, 370, 371
parameter form,  197, 199, 372
quotes,  86
octal notation,  30, 372
unavailable for strings,  16, 25
record length,  191, 371
features with -xl
record length,  176
unsupported extensions,  373

VOLATILE,  247

W

width defaults for field descriptors,  269

word boundary,  15

WRITE,  248

X

X
constant indicator,  34
edit descriptor,  283

-xl,  9, 16, 25, 27, 30, 86, 197, 369, 372

-xld,  373

Z

Z
constant indicator,  34
edit descriptor,  280

zero, leading, in hex and octal output,  282

zero-extend functions,  344

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